`git-remote-hg` is the semi-official Mercurial bridge from the Git project, once
installed, it allows you to clone, fetch and push to and from Mercurial
repositories as if they were Git ones:

--------------------------------------
git clone "hg::http://selenic.com/repo/hello"
--------------------------------------

To enable this, simply add the `git-remote-hg` script anywhere in your `$PATH`:

--------------------------------------
wget https://raw.githubusercontent.com/mnauw/git-remote-hg/master/git-remote-hg -O ~/bin/git-remote-hg
chmod +x ~/bin/git-remote-hg
--------------------------------------

In Windows, you also need to put and an NTFS symbolic link named `python2.exe` somewhere
on your `$PATH` pointing to your Python 2 executable:

--------------------------------------
mklink <path to link> <path to python.exe>
--------------------------------------

That's it :)

Obviously you will need Mercurial installed.

****
At present, this "working copy"/fork <<add-features, adds the following features>>
(and I would prefer it is indeed rather a "working copy"
to be appropriately merged upstream):

* eliminates a number of <<limitations, limitations>> as mentioned below
* properly annotates copy/rename when pushing new commits to Mercurial
* adds a 'git-hg-helper' script than can aid in the git-hg interaction workflow
* provides enhanced bidirectional git-hg safety
* avoids clutter of `refs/hg/...` by keeping these implementation details really private
* more robust and efficient fetching, especially so when fetching or cloning from multiple
  Mercurial clones which will only process changesets not yet fetched from elsewhere
  (as opposed to processing everything all over again)

See sections below or sidemarked notes for more details.
****

== Configuration ==

If you want to see Mercurial revisions as Git commit notes:

--------------------------------------
% git config core.notesRef refs/notes/hg
--------------------------------------

If you are not interested in Mercurial permanent and global branches (aka.
commit labels):

--------------------------------------
% git config --global remote-hg.track-branches false
--------------------------------------

With this configuration, the 'branches/foo' refs won't appear.

If you want the equivalent of `hg clone --insecure`:

--------------------------------------
% git config --global remote-hg.insecure true
--------------------------------------

If you want `git-remote-hg` to be compatible with `hg-git`, and generate exactly
the same commits:

--------------------------------------
% git config --global remote-hg.hg-git-compat true
--------------------------------------

****
mnauw's note; The above is not quite the case, it only ever has been (somewhat)
if an undocumented debug mode (`debugextrainmessage` setting) was enabled
in (likely somewhat patched) `hg-git`.  And as of `hg-git` v1.2.0 the latter is
no longer considered.  In fact, `hg-git` creates git commits with additional hg
metadata stored in so-called "extra commit headers". The latter might be seen by
`git log --format=raw` or `git cat-file -p <commitid>`, but are otherwise mostly
only used internally by the git suite (for signatures).  While they are supported
by `dulwich`'s API (which is a python git implementation), there is, however,
limited to no support for those in git "porcelain or plumbing" commands. In
particular, `git fast-export` and `git fast-import` do not consider these, so a
`gitremote-helpers` tool is then also out of luck.  Incidentally, it also
follows that a `git fast-export | git fast-import` "clone" approach would also
lose such extra metadata, and likewise so for e.g. `git filter-repo`.

All in all, this mode is not quite recommended.
If the concern here is not so much `hg-git` compatibility but rather "hg-git-hg
round-trip fidelity", then see the discussion below on `check-hg-commits` setting.
****

== Notes ==

Remember to run `git gc --aggressive` after cloning a repository, especially if
it's a big one. Otherwise lots of space will be wasted.

=== Pushing branches ===

To push a branch, you need to use the 'branches/' prefix:

--------------------------------------
% git checkout branches/next
# do stuff
% git push origin branches/next
--------------------------------------

All the pushed commits will receive the "next" Mercurial named branch.

*Note*: Make sure you don't have `remote-hg.track-branches` disabled.

=== Cloning HTTPS ===

The simplest way is to specify the user and password in the URL:

--------------------------------------
git clone hg::https://user:password@bitbucket.org/user/repo
--------------------------------------

You can also use the https://mercurial-scm.org/wiki/SchemesExtension[schemes extension]:

--------------------------------------
[auth]
bb.prefix = https://bitbucket.org/user/
bb.username = user
bb.password = password
--------------------------------------

Finally, you can also use the
https://pypi.org/project/mercurial_keyring[keyring extension].

=== Submodules ===

Hg repositories can be used as git submodule, but this requires to allow the hg procotol to be used by git submodule commands:

--------------------------------------
git config protocol.hg.allow always
--------------------------------------

Or adding manually the following to your git configuration file:

--------------------------------------
[protocol "hg"]
        allow = always
--------------------------------------

This can be done per-repository, every time after a clone, or globally in the global .gitconfig (using the --global command-line option).

=== Caveats ===

The only major incompatibility is that Git octopus merges (a merge with more
than two parents) are not supported.

Mercurial branches and bookmarks have some limitations of Git branches: you
can't have both 'dev/feature' and 'dev' (as Git uses files and directories to
store them).

Multiple anonymous heads (which are useless anyway) are not supported: you
would only see the latest head.

Closed branches are not supported: they are not shown and you can't close or
reopen. Additionally in certain rare situations a synchronization issue can
occur (https://github.com/felipec/git/issues/65[Bug #65]).

[[limitations]]
Limitations of the remote-helpers' framework apply. In particular, these
commands don't work:

* `git push origin :branch-to-delete`

****
Another limitation is that if `git log` reports a rename, this will not survive
the push and Mercurial will not be aware of a rename (and similarly so for copy).
Though Mercurial would know about it if you *manually* ran `git-format-patch`
followed by a `hg apply -s`, which is not the nice way to go obviously.

Actually, scratch the limitations above ascribed to the remote-helpers framework.
They are not limitations of the framework, but are due to how the original
implementation of 'git-remote-hg' interacts with it.
Using the remote-helpers framework in only a slightly different way has none
of the above limitations.  See the <<no-limitations, relevant section>>
below for more details.
****

== Other projects ==

There are other `git-remote-hg` projects out there, but this is the original,
which was distributed officially in the Git project.

Over the years many similar tools have died out, the only actively maintained
alternative is mnauw's fork of this project:
https://github.com/mnauw/git-remote-hg[mnauw/git-remote-hg]. I've merged some of
his patches, and he has merged some of my patches, so the projects are mostly in
sync, but not quite. In particular Nauwelaerts' fork has many administrative
extensions, which although useful to some people, I don't believe they belong
in the core.

For a comparison between these and other projects go
https://github.com/felipec/git/wiki/Comparison-of-git-remote-hg-alternatives[here].

****
mnauw's note; I do not know what "the core" means?
However, the "extensions" provide useful and possibly
critical maintenance wrt git-remote-hg's internal data, so it belongs as close
to the latter one as possible.
****

[[no-limitations]]
== Limitations (or not) ==

If interested in some of technical details behind this explanation, then also
see the relevant section in 'git-remote-hg' manpage.  Otherwise, the general
idea is presented here.

More precisely and simply, the <<limitations, mentioned limitations>> are indeed
limitations of the `export` capability of
https://www.kernel.org/pub/software/scm/git/docs/gitremote-helpers.html[gitremote-helpers(1)]
framework.  However, the framework also supports a `push` capability and when this
is used appropriately in the remote helper the aforementioned limitations do not apply.
In the case of `export` capability, git-core will internally invoke `git-fast-export`
and the helper will process this data and hand over generated changesets to Mercurial.
In the case of `push` capability, git informs the helper what (refs) should go where,
and the helper is free to ponder about this and take the required action, such as
to invoke `git-fast-export` itself (with suitable options) and process its output
the same way as before (and over to Mercurial).

And so;

* `git push origin :branch-to-delete` will delete the bookmark `branch-to-delete` on remote
* `git push --dry-run origin branch` will not touch the remote
(or any local state, except for local helper proxy repo)
* `git push origin old:new` will push `old` onto `new` in the remote
* `git push origin <history-with-copy/rename>` will push copy/rename aware Mercurial revisions

To tweak how 'git-remote-hg' decides on a copy/rename, use e.g:
--------------------------------------
% git config --global remote-hg.fast-export-options '-M -C -C'
--------------------------------------

[[add-features]]
== Additional Features ==

=== Miscellaneous Tweaks ===
Other than <<no-limitations, removing the limitations>> as mentioned above,
a number of issues (either so reported in
https://github.com/felipec/git-remote-hg/issues[issue tracking] or not) have been
addressed here, e.g. notes handling, `fetch --prune` support, correctly fetching
after a `strip` on remote repo, tracking remote changes to import (if any) in a
safe, robust and efficient way, etc.  Some of these have been highlighted above.

For example, the `refs/hg/...` refs are really an implementation detail
that need not clutter up the (visible) ref space.  So, in as much as they
are still relevant, these are now kept elsewhere out of sight.
If somehow your workflow relies on having these in the old place:
--------------------------------------
% git config --global remote-hg.show-private-refs true
--------------------------------------

More importantly, a significantly more efficient workflow is achieved using
one set of shared marks files for all remotes (which also forces a local repo
to use an internal proxy clone).
The practical consequence is that fetching from a newly added remote hg repo
does not require another (lengthy) complete import
(as the original clone) but will only fetch additional changesets (if any).
The same goes for subsequent fetching from any hg remote; what was fetched
and imported from some remote need not be imported again from another.
Operating in this shared mode also has the added advantage
of correctly pushing after a `strip` on a remote.
This shared-marks-files behaviour is the default on a fresh repo clone.  It can
also be enabled on an existing one by the following setting.
--------------------------------------
% git config --global remote-hg.shared-marks true
--------------------------------------
Note, however, that one should then perform a fetch from each relevant remote
to fully complete the conversion (prior to subsequent pushing).

Some Mercurial names (of branches, bookmarks, tags) may not be a valid git
refname. See e.g. `man git-check-ref-format` for a rather involved set of rules.
Moreover, while a slash `/` is allowed, it is not supported to have both a `parent`
and `parent/child` branch (though only the latter is allowed). Even though
it is not quite (bidirectionally) safe, a (percentage) URL encoding
(with some additional twist) is performed to obtain sane git refnames, at least
so for most cases.  If some nasty cases still slip through, then likely only
a few instances (out of a whole Mercurial repo) are
problematic.  This could be handled by a single-branch clone and/or configuring
a suitable refspec.  However, it might be more convenient to simply filter out a
few unimportant pesky cases, which can be done by configuring a regural
expression in following setting:
--------------------------------------
% git config remote-hg.ignore-name nasty/nested/name
--------------------------------------
Recall also that a config setting can be provided at clone time
(command line using `--config` option).

--------------------------------------
% git config --global remote-hg.remove-username-quotes false
--------------------------------------

By default, for backwards compatibility with earlier versions,
git-remote-hg removes quotation marks from git usernames
(e.g. 'Raffaello "Raphael" Sanzio da Urbino <raphael@example.com>'
would become 'Raffaello Raphael Sanzio da Urbino
<raphael@example.com>').  This breaks round-trip compatibility; a git
commit by an author with quotes would become an hg commit without,
and if re-imported into git, would get a different SHA1.

To restore round-trip compatibility (at the cost of backwards
compatibility with commits converted by older versions of
git-remote-hg), turn 'remote-hg.remove-username-quotes' off.

=== Helper Commands ===

Beyond that, a 'git-hg-helper' script has been added that can aid in the git-hg
interaction workflow with a number of subcommands that are not in the purview of
a remote helper.  This is similar to e.g. 'git-svn' being a separate program
altogether.  These subcommands

* provide conversion from a hg changeset id to a git commit hash, or vice versa
* provide consistency and cleanup maintenance on internal `git-remote-hg` metadata marks
* provide optimization of git marks of a fetch-only remote

See the helper script commands' help description for further details.
It should simply be installed (`$PATH` accessible) next to 'git-remote-hg'.
Following git alias is probably also convenient as it allows invoking the helper
as `git hg`:
--------------------------------------
% git config --global alias.hg '!git-hg-helper'
--------------------------------------

With that in place, running `git hg gc <remote>` after initial fetch from (large)
<remote> will save quite some space in the git marks file.  Not to mention some time
each time it is loaded and saved again (upon fetch).  If the remote is ever pushed
to, the marks file will similarly be squashed, but for a fetch-only <remote>
the aforementioned command will do.  It may also be needed to run aforementioned
command after a `git gc` has been performed.  You will notice the need
when `git-fast-import` or `git-fast-export` complain about not finding objects ;-)

In addition, the helper also provides support routines for `git-remote-hg` that
provide for increased (or at least safer) git-hg bidirectionality.

Before explaining how it helps, let's first elaborate on what is really
meant by the above _bidirectionality_ since it can be regarded in 2 directions.
From the git repo point of view, one can push to a hg repo and then fetch (or
clone) back to git. Or one could have fetched a changeset from some hg repo and
then push this back to (another) hg clone.  So what happens in either case? In the
former case, from git to hg and then back, things work out ok whether or not in
hg-git compatibility mode.  In the latter case, it is very likely (but
ultimately not guaranteed) that it works out in hg-git compatibility mode, and far
less likely otherwise.

Most approaches on bidirectionality try to go for the "mapping" way.
That is, find a way to map all Mercurial (meta)data somewhere into git;
in the commit message, or in non-standard ways in extra headers in commit objects
(e.g. the latest hg-git approach).  The upside of this is that such a git repo can be
cloned to another git repo, and then one can push back into hg which will/should
turn out ok.  The downside is setting up such a mapping in the first place,
avoiding the slightest error in translating authors, timestamps etc,
and maintaining all that whenever there is some Mercurial API/ABI breakage.

The approach here is to consider a typical git-hg interaction workflow and to
ensure simple/safe bidirectionality in such a setting.  That is, you are (obviously)
in a situation having to deal with some Mercurial repo and quite probably
with various clones as well. The objective is to fetch from these repos/clones,
work in git and then push back.  And in the latter case, one needs to make sure
that hg changesets from one hg clone end up *exactly* that way in another hg
clone (or the git-hg bridge usage might not be so appreciated).  Such pushes are
probably not recommended workflow practice, but no accidents or issues should
arise from any push in these circumstances. There is less interest in this setting,
however, for (git-wise) cloning around the derived git repo.

Now, depending on your workflow and to ensure the above behaves well,
following setting can be enabled as preferred:

--------------------------------------
% git config --global remote-hg.check-hg-commits fail
% git config --global remote-hg.check-hg-commits push
--------------------------------------

If not set, the behaviour is as before; pushing a commit based on hg changeset
will again transform the latter into a new hg changeset which may or may not
match the original (as described above).
If set to `fail`, it will reject and abort the push.
If set to `push`, it will re-use the original changeset in a Mercurial native
way (rather than creating a new one).  The latter guarantees the changeset ends
up elsewhere as expected (regardless of conversion mapping or ABI).

Note that identifying and re-using the hg changeset relies on metadata
(`refs/notes/hg` and marks files) that is not managed or maintained by any
git-to-git fetch (or clone) (as that is only automatically so for `refs/heads/`,
though it could be pushed manually).
As such (and as said), this approach aims for plain-and-simple safety, but only
within a local scope (git repo).

=== Mercurial Subrepository Support ===

Both Git and Mercurial support a submodule/subrepo system.
In case of Git, URLs are managed in `.gitmodules`, submodule state is tracked
in tree objects and only Git submodules are supported.
Mercurial manages URLs in `.hgsub`, records subrepo state in `.hgsubstate` and
supports Git, Mercurial and Subversion subrepos (at time of writing).
Merely the latter diversity in subrepo types shows that somehow mapping Mercurial
"natively" to git submodules is not quite evident.  Moreover, while one might
conceivably devise such a mapping restricted to git and hg subrepos, any such would
seem error-prone and fraught with all sorts of tricky cases and inconvenient
workflow handling (innovative robust suggestions are welcome though ...)

So, rather than overtaking the plumbing and ending up with stuffed drain further on,
the approach here is (again) to keep it plain-and-simple.  That is, provide some
git-ish look-and-feel helper script commands for setting up and manipulating
subrepos.  And so (if the alias mentioned above has been defined), `git hg sub`
provides commands similar to `git submodule` that accomplish what is otherwise
taken care of by the Mercurial subrepo support.
The latter is obviously extended to be git-aware in that e.g. a Mercurial subrepo
is cloned as a git-hg subrepo and translation back-and-forth between hg changeset id
and git commit hash is also performed where needed.  There is no support though
for Subversion subrepos.

As with the other commands, see the help description for the proper details,
but the following example session may clarify the principle:

--------------------------------------
% git clone hg::hgparentrepo
# bring in subrepos in proper location:
% git hg sub update
# do some work
% git pull --rebase origin
# update subrepo state:
% git hg sub update
# do work in subrepo and push
% ( cd subrepo && git push origin HEAD:master )
# fetch to update refs/notes/hg (or enable remote-hg.push-updates-notes)
% ( cd subrepo && git fetch origin )
# update .hgsubstate to subrepo HEAD:
% git hg sub upstate
% git add .hgsubstate
# add more, commit and push as intended
--------------------------------------

Note that the refspec `HEAD:master` is needed if working with detached `HEAD`
in subrepo, and that pushing such refspec is actually supported now in a git-hg subrepo
as explained <<no-limitations, earlier>>.

== Contributing ==

Please file an issue with some patches or a pull-request.
